‘冤案’ literally combines ‘冤’ (yuān), meaning ‘unjustly accused’ or ‘wronged,’ and ‘案’ (àn), meaning ‘case’ or ‘legal matter.’ Together, it refers specifically to a wrongful conviction — a case in which an innocent person is found guilty due to errors, misconduct, or insufficient evidence. It emphasizes the moral and legal gravity of injustice within judicial systems.

This term is commonly used in news reports, legal discussions, historical reflections, and literature about justice reform. While it can describe any serious miscarriage of justice, it often implies prolonged suffering, public outcry, and eventual exoneration. Unlike general terms for ‘mistake’ or ‘error,’ ‘冤案’ carries strong emotional weight and social significance — evoking sympathy for victims and criticism of institutional failure.